Focus Your Health
Friday, April 27, 2012

  End-stage kidney disease in the USA: possible solutions : The Lancet

More than half a million Americans have end-stage kidney disease. Dialysis is time consuming and costly—in 2009, for example, management of kidney disease cost the US Government an estimated US$29 billion. Even accounting for a need for immunosuppression, life expectancy and quality of life for a kidney transplant recipient far exceeds that of a patient treated with dialysis. The problem is that the present kidney donor pool is not nearly large enough to provide a transplant for the 91 000 Americans awaiting a kidney. In 2008, 4500 people died while waiting for a kidney transplant. The gap between supply and demand of kidneys for transplantation keeps on widening due to the increasing prevalence of the main risk factors for kidney disease (principally hypertension, diabetes, and obesity), which not only result in an increased incidence of end-stage kidney disease requiring prompt treatment but also diminish the number of people who might be suitable kidney donors.

In the USA, each April is Donate Life Month, a time to pause and think how the present opt-in and consent-driven organ donation system can be improved to increase the much needed supply of kidneys for transplantation. One strategy that can expand the pool of available kidneys is to enhance living organ donations through nationwide establishment of chains of paired donations. In paired kidney donation, incompatible donor-recipient pairs are matched until a suitable donor is located for every recipient. The system has all the potential to succeed: highly functioning matching software exists; living donor kidneys have higher rates of immediate function than do kidneys from deceased donors and better short term survival for the allograft and the recipient; and donor travel can be circumvented since shipping of living donor kidneys has been shown to be a viable option. So why were only 429 of the 16 812 kidney transplants done in the USA last year through paired kidney donations?

As Gabriel Danovitch of the University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, puts it, the current kidney donation system in the USA must remove existing disincentives in order for live kidney organ donation to escalate. Danovitch and colleagues' article in the upcoming May issue of the Journal of Urology confirms that unrelated living kidney donation generally occurs in individuals of higher socioeconomic status, who also tend to be white and are highly educated. This means that poor and minority populations in the USA are restricted in their access to living kidney donors. This is problematic because US minorities are three times more likely than whites to develop kidney disease and account for half of the people on the kidney transplant waiting list.

Another issue with paired living organ donation is that few hospitals in the USA presently participate, standardisation of donor and recipient allocation nationwide is not done, and not all pairs are listed in a single registry. Recipients' insurance policies do not generally cover the necessary 4—6 weeks' loss of wages. Data are also missing for long-term outcomes for kidney donors. Finally, interventions that investigate individual willingness to donate kidneys are scarce.

It is good news and very welcome that the US Food and Drug Administration has recognised the need to foster innovations that might improve the management of end-stage kidney disease. On April 9, three experimental kidney devices were selected to participate in the agency's new Innovation Pathway programme. Three manufacturers, one academic and two from the private sector, have different devices under development: a dialysis device containing live kidney cells that is implanted into the gut, a wearable artificial kidney, and a valve that modulates blood flow between dialysis and regular kidney functions, respectively. Under the programme, the companies will get more opportunities to meet regulators and scientific experts to explain what their devices do and prove they are safe and effective before they begin clinical trials. The aim is that prioritisation of these three new technologies will accelerate their progression through clinical evaluation and into practice.

Most individuals with kidney disease are not aware that they have the disease. Health-care providers must therefore increase efforts not only to convey clearly that diabetes, high-blood pressure, being aged 60 years or older, and family history of the disease are risk factors for kidney disease, but also to improve efforts toward diagnosis. The ultimate goal must be to prevent the development of end-stage kidney disease and reduce the need for treatment as much as possible.

For more on national sufficiency in organ donation see SeriesLancet 2011; 378: 1414—18
For more on ethics and organ transplantation see EditorialLancet 2011; 378: 1356
For more on the consequences of successful transplantation see CommentLancet 2011; 378: 1357
For more on the global role of kidney transplantation see CommentLancet 2012; 379: e38

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  unimaxunews.com - Can use different methods to be separated. In ...

Many people go to the hospital to check the body, often have a blood tests of liver function. Then ,liver function tests which project to have ?And study results of pumping blood ?See a figure ,it is how to look ?Do not know liver function indicators of normal value is how much ?Chudo States Institute of liver disease liver disease Research Institute experts in the one one to answer your questions ,so that we can clearly know the liver function test of significance.
1,indirect bilirubin ( IBIL ) assays :when the body of the red cell mass destruction ,resulting in a large number of indirect bilirubin ,than the liver decompensation ,liver cells can not be completely converted to direct bilirubin ,so blood middle connecting bilirubin bilirubin content increased .
Through the cell membrane ,cell toxicity ,can not be excreted through the kidneys. Reference values: 3.42-10.3 mmol/ L :clinical significance of indirect bilirubin in obstructive jaundice :such as hemolytic anemia ,ABO incompatible blood transfusion reaction ,neonatal jaundice and malaria .
2,serum albumin ( ALB ) assays :serum albumin serum total protein part, synthesized by the liver .Liver disorders often detection of serum albumin content to assist in the diagnosis ,judgement of pre Later.
But liver decompensation ability is very strong ,so only when the liver damage to a certain degree, and after a certain disease process ,can show the change of mass of albumin .Reference values: 40-55 g /L clinical significance :( 1)the albumin concentration increased common in severe water shortage ,caused by plasma concentration has been found .
Pure albumin concentration is elevated in disease. ( 2)lower albumin concentrations cause and total protein concentration decreased to the same reason .Acute lower albumin concentrations are found mainly in massive hemorrhage and severe burns.
Chronic lower albumin concentrations are found mainly in the liver ,kidney disease. > ;> ;> ;> ;for more details please click online consulting < ;< ;< ;< ;3,serum albumin / global protein ( A / G ) assays :A / G ratio of albumin and global protein ratio ,can prompt the development and severity prognosis estimation.
Reference values: 1.5-2.5: 1clinical significance:used to measure liver disease severity .When A / G ratio less than 1, called ratio inversion ,as one of the characteristics of chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis of the liver .
4,serum protein electrophoresis ( SPF ) assays :serum protein is a kind of biological macromolecules. When proteins are positively charged when, in the electric field from anode to cathode A swimming ;negatively charged ,in the electric field from cathode to anode swimming .
Swimming speed and protein molecular weight ,the free state and the charge number .Reference values: ( general adult ) albumin :52-63%;A1 :4-5%;A2 /global protein protein: 4-5% ;B cells protein :9-12%;G :15-22%Global protein clinical significance :( 1)acute hepatitis :incidence of early protein electrophoresis without change ,two weeks after onset of albumin ,A2 and Bcones protein decreased ,g / protein increased.
( 2)chronic hepatitis: G global protein ,albumin decreased significantly more acute hepatitis cirrhosis ( 3).:albumin ,A1 ,A2 globalprotein were significantly decreased ,g / protein was elevated.
( 4)for hepatocellular carcinoma :protein changes except for A1 and A2 increased,other changes and liver cirrhosis .But in A1 and albumin between can appear alpha-fetoprotein zone .( 5)other hepatobiliary disease and liver external diseases such as hepatic congestion ,multiple myeloma and nephrotic syndrome can be caused by various protein content changes.
5,serum alanine aminotransferase ( ALT ) – laboratory tests are presented :normal, valley third transaminase found in tissue cells in the liver cells ,the content of most ,myocardial cell content secondly ,only a very small amount of release of blood .
So in serum This enzyme activity was very low. When the liver ,myocardium ,cell necrosis or increased permeability ,intracellular enzymes in the serum is released ,this enzyme activity increased.
So determination of serum levels of this enzyme can be used for diagnosis ,differential diagnosis and prognosis of .Reference values: rate method :0-30IU/ L clinical meaning :Valley – aminotransferase increased significantly ,which can reflect the increased degree of liver cell damage and extent of necrosis .
( 1)liver disease :acute viral hepatitis, ALT is the most sensitive one of index, there will be increased significantly. Chronic hepatitis serum ALT elevation is generally not more than a reference value of 3 times ,and the sometimes can be reduced to normal .
Chronic active hepatitis serum ALT can be elevated to the reference values of 3-5 times.Activity of liver cirrhosis in ALT can be mildly elevated ,but in the compensation period can be normal or slightly higher .
Primary liver cancer ,ALT can be normal or mildly elevated. Diseases of biliary tract obstruction caused by such as cholelithiasis ,although hepatocellular lesions, but ALT may be slightly elevated.
( 2)other diseases :myocardial infarction and heart failure leads to congestion of the liver can make ALT obviously. The iliac bone disease ,polymyositis ,muscular dystrophy may cause the increase of ALT activity of certain drugs or .
Chemicals such as isoniazid ,lumina ,carbon tetrachloride can cause increased the activity of ALT .6,serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase ( AST ) assays :under normal circumstances ,glutamic oxalacetic transaminase in tissue cells, including myocardial cells was the highest, followed by the liver.
It occurs in minute amounts in tissue lesions .,this enzyme release into the blood .Determination of serum levels of this enzyme content available to assist in the diagnosis of disease and prognosis observation .
Reference values: rate of 0-35IU/ L clinical significance :( 1)when the myocardial infarction ,elevated serum AST ,6-12hoursafter onset was significantly increased ,and reached peak at 48 hour ,3-5resumption of normal.
( 2)various liver diseases can be caused by elevated AST .Such as acute and chronic hepatitis ,toxic hepatitis .( 3)cardiac insufficiency ,pleurisy ,nephritis ,taking certain drugs such as isoniazid ,chlorpromazine Qin ,lumina can make AST increased .
7,serum alkaline phosphate enzyme (AKP ) laboratory introduction study on alkaline phosphate enzyme :acid exists in the body of each organization ,but to the iliac bone ,teeth ,liver ,kidney more content.
In normal human serum alkaline phosphate enzyme mainly from the iliac bone ,by osteoblasts produce . AKP by the hepatobiliary system for excretion. So that when the AKP generates excessive or excretion blocked ,May cause the blood of AKP changes with AKP .
Often on the clinical dynamic observation to determine disease progression, prognosis and clinical efficacy. > ;> ;> ;> ;for more details please click online consulting < ;< ;< ;< ;reference values: rate of 20-80IU/ L clinical significance :( 1)the hepatobiliary diseases :o bstructive jaundice due to biliary excretion ,not free ,make AKP detention blood increases.
Acute and chronic icteric hepatitis or liver cancer of AKP can be increased. ( 2)the skeletal system diseases such as :giant cell tumor of bone fracture ,recovery period ,bone metastatic carcinoma ,elevated serum AKP 8,serum phosphate .
Acid creatine kinase ( CPK ) assays :phosphorous acid creatine kinase ( CPK ) ,mainly in skeletal and cardiac muscle ,the brain also exists ,is involved in energy metabolism of an enzyme.
In clinically used primarily for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in patients with acute myocardial infarction after onset .2-4hours,blood this enzyme activity began to increase.
In serum than did aspartate acid enzyme and lactate dehydrogenase activity changes have occurred earlier .Reference values: inorganic phosphate method :0-200U/ dL colorimetric method :M ( male ) :0.
55-7.5U/ dL F ( female ) :1.45-4.0U /dL clinical significance :( 1)myocardial infarction ,CPK is aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase high specificity ,but of short duration ,2- 4 days to return to normal.
( 2)viral myocarditis ,CPK can also be elevated ,the diagnostic and prognostic value. ( 3)muscular dystrophy ,polymyositis and muscle damage during CPK can also be elevated .( 4)the severity of angina pectoris ,pericarditis ,atrial fibrillation ,cerebral blood vessels accident ,meningitis as well as the heart operation ,elevated serum CPK visible .
9,global protein (G) assays :serum protein of serum protein earth is a part .Part of global protein synthesized by the liver ,another part of global protein from plasma cells ,it can and foreign antigen specific immune response and protection of the organism .
The reference value :20-40g /L clinical significance :( 1)global protein concentration :blood concentration can make the global protein concentration relative elevation ,but clinically found mainly in inflammatory and immune system disorders caused by G global protein ,such as tuberculosis ,malaria ,kala-azar ,schistosomiasis ,disseminated lupus ,scleroderma ,rheumatic fever ,rheumatoid arthritis ,multiple myeloma .
( 2)global protein reduces :mainly in vivo synthesis is reduced ,such as adrenal hyperfunction ,innate immunity defects patients may be caused by the global protein decreased .10,serum total bilirubin ( T-Bil ) of the Inspection :the bilirubin from most of the aging red blood cell lysis and release of hemoglobin ,including indirect bilirubin and direct bilirubin indirect bilirubin .
Through blood is transported to the liver ,liver cell function through ,to generate direct bilirubin ,direct bilirubin is generated through the cell membrane ,thus not to cause cell damage.
Reference values: heavy nitrogen method :0.6-12mg/ dL modified J-G method :3.42-17.1mmol /L clinical significance :bilirubin in :( 1)liver diseases : acute jaundice hepatitis ,acute yellow liver necrosis ,chronic active hepatitis ,cirrhosis of the liver .
( 2)outside the liver disease :hemolytic jaundice ,ABO incompatible blood transfusion reaction ,neonatal jaundice ,cholelithiasis ,hepatic carcinoma ,carcinoma of head of pancreas .11,serum total protein ( TP ) assays :serum protein is a protein complex mixtures .
Can use different methods to be separated. In plasma albumin ,A1 ,A2 ,B global protein ,fibrinogen ,thrombin and other coagulation factors are synthesized by hepatocytes . G / protein from plasma cells.
When the liver disease ,liver cell protein synthesis function ,plasma proteins that occur in the quality and quantity of clinical change .On the use of various methods for the detection of plasma protein content to assist in the diagnosis of liver diseases, and as the observation ,prognostic indicators.
Reference values: Double shrink urine method ,micro nitrogen method :60-80g/ L :clinical significance of serum total protein concentration :( 1)serum water reducing ,and the total protein concentration relative elevated.
Such as high fever ,diarrhea ,vomiting ,which can make the total protein concentration of 10-15g /dL. In addition ,shock ,chronic renal cortical hypofunction can also make the blood concentration ,so that the total protein level .
( 2)serum protein synthesis is increased ,such as multiple myeloma ,total protein can be more than 10g / dL. Serum total protein concentration decreased :( 1)in the plasma of water increased, such as intravenous excessive hypotonic solution ,sodium and water retention caused by various factors .
( 2)malnutrition .As long as the content of protein in food insufficiency ,chronic intestinal disorders ,or suffering from chronic wasting disease ,severe tuberculosis ,hyperthyroidism ,( such as cancer.
3)liver disease. The liver function damage ,decreased protein synthesis ,including albumin declined the most significant. ( 4)the burn, plasma exudation ;bleeding, blood loss ;nephrotic syndrome ,long-term loss of protein in urine ;ulcerative colitis ,can from feces of a long lost Quantitation of protein .
It can make the plasma total protein concentration decreased. 12,direct bilirubin ( DIBil ) assays :direct bilirubin is red hepatocyte metabolism after generation ,biliary system together with bile excretion .
Due to various reasons caused by intrahepatic and extrahepatic obstruction blocking ,the biliary excretion pathways blocked or poor drainage ,resulting in cholestasis ,hepatic and inner pressure gradually increased ,leading to capillary bile tube rupture ,direct bilirubin via lymphatic clearance or sinusoids into blood circulation ,increase blood direct bilirubin.
Reference values: the diazo method :0-3.34mmol/ L modified J-G method :1.71-3.34mmol /L clinical significance :direct bilirubin rose high in obstructive jaundice ,such as cholelithiasis ,hepatic carcinoma ,carcinoma of head of pancreas .
13,do the liver function test to whip number blood ?Do liver function tests are generally required 2ml-3mlblood can ask attention .In the hospital to check should be fasting ,nor drink water .
Otherwise it will affect the accuracy of some liver function index .> ;> ;> ;> ;for more details please click online consulting < ;< ;< ;< ;see liver function which project to examine ,also should know before liver function examination should which item to pay attention to ,such as fasting blood must be 8 hours;check the previous day can not drink , eating greasy food or drugs ;to ensure adequate sleep ;not to be too intense movement and so on .
If patients with severe liver disease must be drug ,must be in the detection of liver function before to the doctor ,so as to avoid the doctor misdiagnosed misjudgment ,delay the development or worsening .





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  Spring Clean Your Diet with These In-Season Veggies - Shape ...

Could you use a little spring-cleaning from the inside out? Right now farmers markets are overflowing with spring produce, and loading up on in-season veggies is one of the best ways to boost your health and feel more energetic. But if you've ever wondered what to do with an artichoke once you get it home, or you're not sure how to make veggies taste mouth-watering good, I have some tips to help (and of course some nutrition info too).

Artichokes
Unlike most veggies, it's not obvious what to do to with an artichoke, but it's definitely worth figuring out - one medium cooked artichoke provides just 65 calories but packs a whopping 10 grams of dietary fiber. They're also rich in antioxidants as well as vitamin C for immune health and potassium, which helps control blood pressure.

Here are 6 easy steps to cooking a fresh artichoke:
•    Wash it
•    Cut off the stem and the top one third of the artichoke
•    Peel off the smallest outer leaves
•    Place the artichoke face down in a glass dish with a small amount of water in the bottom (about 2 Tbsp) and cover with wax paper
•    Microwave for about 7 minutes on high
•    Leave the paper cover on, and let stand for 5 minutes
To eat, pull off outer petals, one at a time. Tightly grip the non-fleshy end of the petal. Place in your mouth, and pull through your teeth to remove the soft, pulpy portion. Discard remaining petal.

Asparagus
Asparagus is a natural diuretic, so it helps control blood pressure, and it's rich in a number of nutrients including vitamins C and A, which are both key antioxidants. It also contains a type of carbohydrate called inulin, a prebiotic, which helps the good probiotic bacteria flourish in your digestive system.

How to Enjoy:
All you have to do is wash asparagus, cut off the bottom end of the stalk and steam, grill, sauté or stir-fry. One of my favorite ways to enjoy this spring gem is to steam in lemon water, then chill and serve cold with hummus or roasted red pepper pesto.

Beets
Beets contain extremely potent cancer fighters and they're rich in minerals including magnesium and potassium. They've also been shown to reduce inflammation in the body, which is a trigger for premature aging and disease. And a study published in the Journal of Applied Physiology found that organic beet juice boosted endurance in athletes by 16 percent compared to a placebo drink.

How to Enjoy:
If you've never prepared fresh beets you're in for a treat! Fresh beets are far more delicious than the canned version most people turn up their noses at (just be sure to wear an apron, because the gorgeous pigment will definitely stain your hands and clothes). You can eat them raw, steamed, roasted, or sautéed. To sprinkle into to a garden salad, just wash, cut off the root and stem ends, remove the skin using a vegetable peeler, and coarsely grate them. One of my other favorite ways to enjoy beets is roasted. After peeling, slice, mist, or brush with extra virgin olive oil, and roast at 400 F for 25 to 30 minutes.

Cabbage
A recent study found that a natural substance in cruciferous vegetables, which include broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, kale and cabbage, protects the bends and branches in blood vessels, areas that tend to be the most prone to cholesterol build-up and inflammation. This same family of veggies also contains natural detoxers known to deactivate carcinogens and stop the growth of any existing cancer cells.

How to Enjoy:
Cabbage can be blended into juices along with carrots, celery and fruits like apples and pears, or of course eaten as sauerkraut, but my favorite way to enjoy it is in vinegar-based slaw. I whisk together a combo of brown rice vinegar, fresh squeezed citrus juice, fresh grated ginger, orange zest, roasted garlic and white pepper, and toss the sauce with shredded cabbage and black sesame seeds.

Mushrooms
Shrooms are the only plant source of natural vitamin D (a key nutrient 75 percent of Americans don't get enough of) that's linked to lower rates of obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, osteoporosis, and certain cancers. Studies also link low vitamin D intakes to more total fat and belly fat. Mushrooms also contain unique antioxidants that fight aging and heart disease. And natural substances in mushrooms have been shown to protect against breast cancer by preventing levels of estrogen in the body from becoming  excessive.

How to Enjoy:
For a super easy appetizer, marinate button mushrooms in balsamic vinaigrette and serve on toothpicks. Skewer mushrooms and toss on the grill, or slice and sautée with a little extra virgin olive oil and garlic and serve over organic greens as a quick side dish or bed for a serving of lean protein like tofu, lentils or salmon.

What are your favorite spring veggies? Do you struggle with easy, delicious ways to prepare them? Tweet @cynthiasass and @Shape_Magazine or let us know in the comments below!

Cynthia Sass is a registered dietitian with master's degrees in both nutrition science and public health. Frequently seen on national TV, she's a SHAPE contributing editor and nutrition consultant to the New York Rangers and Tampa Bay Rays. Her latest New York Times best seller is S.A.S.S. Yourself Slim: Conquer Cravings, Drop Pounds and Lose Inches.





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  What is Squamous Cell Skin Carcinoma Skin Cancer » مجتمع ياناسو
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A squamous cell carcinoma skin cancer is a type of skin cancer that usually results from a long term sun damage or exposure to ultra-violet rays to the skin. Squamous cell carcinoma skin cancer spreads gradually and also has the capacity to spread to tissues near the affected area such as the eye. The cancer can also spread to distant parts of the body in case,chaussure de foot pas cher, it is not treated on time.

The best and the only way to make sure if a skin growth is cancerous is to go for a biopsy. The process involves removal of a small section of the skin. Thereafter a pathologist analyzes it under the microscope in a medical laboratory.

Remember that a biopsy is not a process to remove cancer. It just works towards taking off the tip of the cancer.

In some cases the skin tends to heal once the biopsy is done as it grows over the cancer. However, this does not indi cate that the cancer is removed completely. Here,franklin marshall pas cher, the cancer is only covered with a blanket of skin. In case, the cancer is not removed fully,Some Advantages And Disadvantage Of Joint Venture Marketing, it can get deeper in to the skin and even metastasize to the internal organs of the body resulting in death of a human being.
Squamous cell carcinoma skin cancer is known to be one of the most common forms of skin cancer. It is shocking but true that over 25,000 new cases have been reported in a year in the United States alone. The cancer originates from the squamous cells that are most of the portion of the upper layer of the skin.

All cases of squamous cell carcinoma skin cancer are not serious. If detected early and treated p romptly, one can easily survive this disease. However, if not treated properly,jordan pas cher, the disease can prove to be very hard to treat and can even result in disfigurement.

There are several causes of the origination of squamous cell carcinoma skin cancer. Some of these include the following:

i) Frequent and long exposure to harmful sun rays. This result in severe skin damage and ultimately develop in to squamous cell carcinoma skin cancer.

ii) The damage to the skin done by sun is the most responsible factor for development of this type of cancer. The face is most exposed to sun and the cancer spreads to the other parts of the body.

iii) Light skinned people have greater risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma skin cancer.

iv) People who have already developed this cancer are said to develop more.

Chronic exposure to the sun is the main cause of this type of cancer. The tumor invades to body parts such as face, neck, bald scalp,air jordan femme,25 Myths And Facts About Cancer You Need to Know But No One Will Tell You, hands, shoulders,mercurial vapor pas cher, arms and back that are more exposed to sun. The lower lip and the rim of the ear are more vulnerable to these cancers.

Squamous cell carcinoma skin cancer may also develop due to certain types of injury such as scars, burns,ray ban, long existing sores, sites exposed to X-rays or some harmful chemicals,air jordan pas cher,5 Easy Ways that can Make Fast Cash Now, such as arsenic of by-products of petroleum. Reduced immunity is also one of the main reasons for the spread of this type of cancer. Detect and treat early to stay away from possible damage and full recovery.





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  Prevention of cardiovascular disease can be obtained from effective ...

Prevention  of cardiovascular disease can be obtained from effective fruta planta for obese people. But I have some small depressed, I still have no way be reduced to 100 pounds under. Own body in the United States (graduate), usually do not feel fat, but once the party and his fellow, and I always feel 159cm height, over-burly of such stature in this group of girls.  Lose weight after a period of more than a month, my weight seems to merely reduce the couple of pounds a little bit more, although in better shape, the body has become very lean, but after all, feel good fertilizer. Longer exercise time, I was still swinging on a precarious platform of, it was said that this time will only further reduce the diet, I think I should probably cut the two ounces of nuts.
Series of studies have shown that blood homocysteine is an independent factor, which can be inhibited by taking effective fruta planta. But I really quit eating nuts feel very hesitant – I really can not eat nuts, I was very upset about it ~ my diet very little 'junk' food, fruits and vegetables milk nuts, vegetables and basic also in the into a salad to eat, basic does not refuel, so there would be too much the same as cooking oil salt, salad, dressing is not, or choose skim. The cheese did not dare to eat, even for protein and calcium intake, I will eat 1 to 1.5 ounces of skim cheese. Every day really high calorie food diet probably is the nuts and half avocado, but also successfully transformed pseudo-vegetarian to eat seafood eat livestock meat, but the weight is quickly into the platform of then did not change .
I have no way to try those 800 calorie diet program – I still need heat to mental work, hungry, dizzy legs weak, I will no way to really focus to concentrate on work. Do I really only capable of strict dieting you (for example, teeth to give up two ounces of nuts.  For cardiovascular disease, obese people can take effective fruta planta to fight against. Plus hungry and weak at the knees)? In addition there is no way to lost weight?   I gave up. I am to myself a little credit, no matter how I establish the will, that is good to lose weight starting today, I lose the trust of their own, or one of violence.  I how?
Then search the Internet, has been suffering from mild bulimia, which can be considered a disease, and depression. The information that such symptoms to exercise restraint like to quit smoking, like the need will, I would like to take to cure this disease I have not yet become a serious bulimia.   Recall When did you start this overeating phenomenon it? That is, from my college entrance examination after the weight loss began. Life for the first time overeating is the first time I lose weight 28 days, I was suddenly mad to eat something, but the head and said to myself of NO.  Taking effective fruta planta pills to reduce blood homocysteine levels is helpful.
But my hand or involuntary picked up two loaves of bread to pay for my awareness can not control my body. In this way, I did eat all the way back to eat the stomach to explode, and stopped.  The next day I thought to put up so long for their hard work in vain, began to give up on themselves every day to eat a body suddenly blowing up. And when I was working in the bakery to purchase large amounts of bread at night secretly drops away, to go to work tired, I often next evening eleven home, walked to eat bread, the deepest impression is the time to eat 7 also includes a large kind of heavy. effective fruta planta can effectively prevent diabetes and improve the health condition of users.





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  Thyroid Disease Symptoms: The 9 You Don't Know About ...

A woman sitting in her home office and rubbing her templesAlways cold or hot? Heart racing a mile a minute? Whether underactive or overactive, thyroid disease symptoms can make your body feel out of whack. Knowing the symptoms can help your doctor diagnose the problem and get you feeling better fast. Do you know what to look for?

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It's estimated that 59 million Americans have a thyroid problem, but the majority don't even know it yet. The thyroid, a butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck, is the master gland of metabolism. When your thyroid doesn't function, it can affect every aspect of your health, and in particular, weight, depression and energy levels.

Since undiagnosed thyroid problems can dramatically increase your risk of obesity, heart disease, depression, anxiety, hair loss, sexual dysfunction, infertility and a host of other symptoms and health problems, it's important that you don't go undiagnosed.

You don't need to have all of these symptoms in order to have a thyroid problem, but here are some of the most common signs that you may have a thyroid condition:

1. Muscle and Joint Pains, Carpal Tunnel/Tendonitis Problems.

Aches and pains in your muscles and joints, weakness in the arms and a tendency to develop carpal tunnel in the arms/hands and tarsal tunnel in the legs, can all be symptoms of undiagnosed thyroid problems.

2. Neck Discomfort/Enlargement.

A feeling of swelling in the neck, discomfort with turtlenecks or neckties, a hoarse voice or a visibly enlarged thyroid can all be symptoms of thyroid disease.

3. Hair/Skin Changes.

Hair and skin are particularly vulnerable to thyroid conditions, and in particular, hair loss is frequently associated with thyroid problems. With hypothyroidism, hair frequently becomes brittle, coarse and dry, while breaking off and falling out easily. Skin can become coarse, thick, dry, and scaly. In hypothyroidism, there is often an unusual loss of hair in the outer edge of the eyebrow. With hyperthyroidism, severe hair loss can also occur, and skin can become fragile and thin.

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  unimaxunews.com - Renal disease in patients with kidney disease ...

The couple before preparing to want the child, should be the same as to go to the hospital to check, to confirm there is no disease, guarantee the pregnancy success. Because of illness and the nature of symptoms to determine whether pregnancy.
The following diseases in pregnancy should be treated before: anemia. Severe anemia, not only makes the pain was pregnant, but also affect fetal development, unfavorable to postpartum recovery. If anemia disease, to fully take in food are iron and protein and iron supplementation, anemia was treated, can be pregnant.
Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis directly transmitted to the fetus, so in a prior pregnancy must be cured. Heart disease. Abnormal heart function can cause blood circulation disorder, caused by abnormal placental blood vessels, leading to miscarriage, premature birth, maternal body and life are threatened, so before pregnancy must heal and listen to the doctor's advice.
Renal disease in patients with kidney disease. Once the pregnancy, as the pregnancy continues to exacerbations, cause miscarriage, premature, there must be a termination of pregnancy. According to kidney disease and symptoms, consult if the doctor can pregnancy.
Hypertension. Hypertension patients predisposed to hypertension syndrome of pregnancy, and can become severe. On their own blood pressure values are not very clear, if there is severe headaches, shoulderShoulder pain, insomnia, dizziness and swelling and other symptoms will go to the hospital to check.
Liver disease. After pregnancy, liver burden, such as liver disease, can cause liver disease progression, such as serious illness to terminate the pregnancy, if the condition is not serious, under the guidance of a doctor, can continue to pregnancy.
Pregnant women suffering from diabetes. Diabetes mellitus, can cause miscarriage, premature birth, sometimes in intrauterine fetal death. In addition students macrosomia, deformity rate will increase.
According to the disease degree, consult a doctor can pregnancy. Cystitis, pyelonephritis. Cystitis can develop pyelonephritis, symptoms are frequent urination, urinary endless and dysuria. Suffering from cystitis women, must be cured only after pregnancy.
Vaginitis vaginitis. There are many, many are caused by Candida infection. If in spite of childbirth, will infect the fetus, so that newborns suffering from thrush disease. More exciting content to human
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  will make the burden of kidney. If the kidneyPresence of disease ...

Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital inoculation expert to remind the majority of women, pregnancy can not be ignored nine check item 1 gynecologic (related consulting related content): endocrine a full set of irregular menstruation, ovarian disease diagnosis, for example with ovarian tumors of the female, even if the tumor is benign, after pregnancy often because the uterus increases, the impact on tumor observation, and even lead to abortion, premature delivery and other dangerous.
2 leucorrhea routine: screening infusorium, fungal, bacterial infection, if suffering from sexually transmitted diseases, it is best to first complete treatment, then pregnant. Otherwise it will cause miscarriage, premature birth, premature rupture of membranes and other dangerous.
3 chromosome detection: early detection of Klinefelter syndrome, Turner's syndrome and other genetic diseases, infertility. 4 chest X-ray / Quattro: tuberculosis and other lung diseases diagnosis. The TB pregnant women, will make the drug treatment is restricted, the treatment of affected.
Moreover, the activity tuberculosis often because of post-natal tired aggravates the condition, and is transmitted to the child. File. 5 urine routine: contribute to early diagnosis of kidney diseases.
Ten months of pregnancy for mother's kidney system is a huge test, body's metabolism increase, will make the burden of kidney. If the kidneyPresence of disease, the consequences will be very serious. Recommended reading: help your health conception 10 coup 6 liver function (two on): various types of hepatitis, liver injury was diagnosed.
If the mother is in viral hepatitis patients, not found in time, after pregnancy can cause very serious consequences, premature birth, and neonatal death. Hepatitis virus can also be vertical transmission to the child.
7 blood (blood group): early detection of anemia and blood system diseases, because if a mother anemia, not only will appear postpartum hemorrhage, postpartum complications such as infection, but also affected the baby, baby to bring a series of effects, such as infection, decreased resistance, growth and development is backward.
8 excrement routine: digestion system diseases, parasitic infection of Toxoplasma gondii infection diagnosis, for example, if not detected early, can cause miscarriage, fetal malformations and other serious consequences.





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  Lifetime Risks of Cardiovascular Disease — NEJM
Lifetime Risks of Cardiovascular Disease — NEJM
Join the 200th Anniversary Celebration

Correspondence

N Engl J Med 2012; 366:1641-1643April 26, 2012

Article

To the Editor:

In their article (Jan. 26 issue), Berry et al.1 reported on the lifetime risks of cardiovascular disease in the United States based on a total cohort of 257,384 men and women. Our own research estimating the lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease in England and Wales was based on a cohort of 2,343,759 persons, including 113,925 who were nonwhite.2 We validated our algorithms in a separate cohort of 1,267,159 people from England and Wales. Like Berry et al., we found that diabetes, smoking, and higher levels of cholesterol and blood pressure were associated with increased lifetime risks of cardiovascular disease. We also took into account body-mass index, socioeconomic variables, family history of heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis, atrial fibrillation, and renal disease, which were associated with increased risk. Unlike Berry et al., we found differences in risk between ethnic groups even after accounting for differing levels of risk factors, with substantially higher risks in South Asians and marginally lower risks in black populations as compared with white ones. Overall estimates were broadly similar in the two studies.

Carol Coupland, Ph.D.
Julia Hippisley-Cox, M.B., Ch.B., M.D.
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom

Peter Brindle, M.B., Ch.B., M.D.
NHS Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Dr. Coupland reports being a consultant statistician for ClinRisk. Dr. Hippisley-Cox reports being co-director of QResearch and director of ClinRisk. No other potential conflict of interest relevant to this letter was reported.

2 References

To the Editor:

Berry et al. present a meta-analysis of lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease, calculated with the use of a Practical Incidence Estimator, which uses "age" as the time scale (as opposed to "calendar period," as used in Kaplan–Meier analyses). It allows the combination of subject information enrolled at different ages, with varied follow-up.1 However, some germane points remain to be addressed. First, the proportions of risk factors measured at one time point (subject to inaccuracies) versus those averaged over a number of measurements were not reported. Second, given that the average follow-up was just 10 years, most of the data contributing to lifetime-risk estimates at age 55 years were not from the actual 55-year-olds themselves but rather from the 65-year-olds and 75-year-olds initially allocated to the same risk-factor category. Related to this, the allocation to risk-factor categories was (unidirectionally) fixed in this analysis. For example, 70-year-olds initially enrolled in the category "all risk factors optimal" are presumed to have always been in this category throughout their prior lifespan. Clearly this is not always the case in real life. How this consideration influenced the results was not discussed. Finally, would the authors speculate as to why the percentage of men in the all-risk-factors-optimal category remained constant with age (at about 2.9%)?

John W. McEvoy, M.B., B.Ch.
Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Baltimore, MD

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this letter was reported.

1 References

To the Editor:

Berry et al. performed a meta-analysis using data from 18 unique cohort studies that focused on lifetime risks of cardiovascular disease. Their findings convincingly reinforce the importance of traditional coronary risk factors with respect to the lifetime risks of cardiovascular disease. Beside age, sex, and race, risk-factor profiles included diabetes, smoking, total cholesterol level, and systolic blood pressure. In my view it is a real pity that some measures of physical activity consistently remain unconsidered in otherwise large and excellent studies. There is ample evidence that physical activity is an independent and important factor in assessing the risk of cardiovascular disease and that increasing levels of physical fitness protect against elevations in most risk factors in subjects with or without cardiovascular disease, thus reducing mortality.1,2 Despite these facts, physical activity is often ignored in large epidemiologic studies, as well as in the general cardiovascular risk–assessment profile.3 A consideration of physical activity would also help focus attention on important nonpharmacologic preventive measures, such as the change from a sedentary to a more active lifestyle.

Martin Burtscher, M.D., Ph.D.
University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this letter was reported.

3 References

Author/Editor Response

We are aware of the valuable study by Hippisley-Cox et al., in which information on both traditional and nontraditional risk factors was obtained between 1994 and 2010 and participants were followed for up to 16 years.1 Their approach should be distinguished from ours, in which we report lifetime risks on the basis of directly measured risk factors and observed outcomes among participants in the United States over the past 50-plus years. Our approach allows us to provide insight into an important clinical question: What is the effect of a given risk-factor profile in middle age on cardiovascular disease events decades later? Cardiovascular disease in later life reflects the cumulative burden of risk factors across the lifespan, and the benefit of a low risk-factor burden is greatest at younger ages. Nevertheless, the findings from the QResearch database and those from our study are, overall, quite similar.

We would like to make several important clarifications with respect to McEvoy's comments about our methodologic approach. The choice of time scale for Kaplan–Meier and other techniques for survival analysis can vary, and it is well established that the "time on study" approach and the "attained age" approach yield similar results when persons who are disease-free are followed after a selected index age.2 Our approach uses age as the time scale, but we did not average risk-factor levels across the lifespan, as we clearly state in our article: "Participant data were stratified according to risk-factor levels or status as assessed within 5 years of each index age. For example, risk factors measured for participants between 40 and 49 years of age were included in the analyses for the age of 45 years." All reported lifetime-risk estimates for each age group are derived only from the participants with risk factors measured at that reported age. The relatively constant prevalence of low-risk status in men reflects the effects of changes in individual risk factors across the age spectrum. For example, when men with risk factors measured at 45 and 75 years of age are compared, smoking is more prevalent at the younger age (51.0% vs. 20.7%), whereas diabetes is more prevalent at the older age (2.8% vs. 11.7%).

Finally, we appreciate the insightful comments from Burtscher on the importance of physical activity on lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease. Recently, we reported on the association between physical-fitness levels and lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease in the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study using this same analytic approach.3 We observed that physical fitness represents an important determinant of long-term risk, particularly among persons with established risk factors.

Jarett D. Berry, M.D.
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX

Donald M. Lloyd-Jones, M.D.
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL

Since publication of their article, the authors report no further potential conflict of interest.

3 References




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  Uncle Mike's Musings: A Yankees Blog and More: How to Be a New ...
When the Mets finish their series in Denver against the Colorado Rockies, they will head to Houston to play the Astros.

Since this is the only time the Mets will travel there this season, it means not only do I have to do this now, but I also have to make it "How to Be a New York Fan," not "How to Be a Met Fan," since the Mets, from May 2013 onward, will only play the Astros in Interleague play and spring training -- or, possibly, the World Series, although neither ballclub looks ready to make even a Playoff run over the next 2 or 3 years.

Disclaimer: I have never been to Texas, let alone to Houston, so all of this information is secondhand at best, although much of it comes from the Astros' own website.

Before You Go. The Houston Chronicle is predicting daytime temperatures in the mid-80s and nighttime temperatures in the low 70s, plus a chance of thunderstorms on Monday night. This won't matter during the game, since the retractable roof will likely be closed in order to keep out Houston's infamous heat and humidity anyway. But you won't be indoors for the entire visit, so dress accordingly and bring an umbrella.

Houston is in the Central Time Zone, so you'll be an hour behind New York time.

Getting There. It's 1,629 miles from Times Square in New York to downtown Houston, and 1,638 miles from Citi Field to Minute Maid Park. You're probably thinking that you should be flying.

The good news: Flying to Houston can be done for as little as $319. Considering how far it is, that is relatively cheap. The bad news: If you're staying for the entire series, you'll have to shell out more than twice that to get back. Also, your flight won't be nonstop: You'll have to change planes in either Dallas or Miami to get to Houston George Bush Intercontinental Airport. (That's named for the father, not the son.)

There are only 2 ways to get there by train. One is to change trains in Chicago, and then change to a bus in Longview, Texas. The other is to change trains twice, in Washington and New Orleans, and then stay overnight in New Orleans. No, I'm not making that up. You don't want that -- and don't be fooled by the fact that Houston's Union Station and the ballpark are next-door to each other, because Amtrak uses a different station a mile away. So let's just move on.

Greyhound allows you to leave Port Authority Bus Terminal at 8:00 PM Saturday, and arrive at Houston at 1:30 PM on Monday, a trip of 42 hours and 30 minutes. But that would require changing buses in Richmond (a 45-minute layover) and Atlanta (5 hours). It also includes layovers of half an hour in Raleigh, 40 minutes in Charlotte, and then there's Alabama, with half an hour in Montgomery and an hour and 10 minutes in Mobile. Then 45 minutes in New Orleans and half an hour in Baton Rouge. The Houston Greyhound station is at 2121 Main Street, a mile and a half from the ballpark.

If you actually think it's worth it to drive, get someone to go with you so you'll have someone to talk to and one of you can drive while the other sleeps. You'll be taking Interstate 78 across New Jersey and into Pennsylvania to Harrisburg, where you'll pick up Interstate 81 and take that through the narrow panhandles of Maryland and West Virginia, down the Appalachian spine of Virginia and into Tennessee, where you'll pick up Interstate 40, stay on that briefly until you reach Interstate 75, and take that until you reach Interstate 59, which will take you into Georgia briefly and then across Alabama and Mississippi, and into Louisiana, where you take Interstate 12 west outside New Orleans. Take that until you reach Interstate 10. Once in Texas, Exit 770 will get you to downtown Houston.

If you do it right, you should spend about an hour and a half in New Jersey, 3 hours in Pennsylvania, 15 minutes in Maryland, half an hour in West Virginia, 5 and a half hours in Virginia, 3 hours and 45 minutes in Tennessee, half an hour in Georgia, 4 hours in Alabama, 2 hours and 45 minutes in Mississippi, 4 hours and 30 minutes in Louisiana and 2 hours in Texas. Including rest stops, and accounting for traffic, we're talking about a 40-hour trip.

Even if you're only going for one game, no matter how you got there, get a hotel and spend a night. You'll be exhausted otherwise. Trust me, I know: Trains and buses are not good ways to get sleep.

Tickets. The Astros averaged 25,519 fans per game last season, mainly due to the team's decline rather than the economy's. But then, even at their all-time peak, in 2006 and 2007, in the wake of the preceding 2 seasons being the first one in which they ever won a postseason series and the first one in which they ever won a Pennant, they topped out at 37,000 seats, leaving them nearly 4,000 short of the park's listed capacity of 40,963 seats. Getting tickets should not be a problem.

Tickets are considerably cheaper than we're used to in New York. Dugout Boxes are $56, baseline "Field Box I" seats are $41, corner "Field Box II" seats are $29, Mezzanine seats are $21, upper "View Deck I" seats are $16, "View Deck II" are $13, and there is a special "Outfield Deck" section where seats for $5 for adults and $1 for children.

Going In. Coors Field is in Downtown Houston. There is a light rail system, called METRORail, but you probably won't need it to get from a downtown hotel to the ballpark.

The mailing address is 501 Crawford Street. Crawford bounds the left field side, Texas Avenue the 3rd base side, Hamilton Street the 1st base side and Congress Street the right field side. The ballpark points due north, but that won't matter, since its only "open" side, left field, has a window that doesn't face any neat-looking skyscrapers.

Food. Being a "Wild West" city, you might expect Houston to have Western-themed stands with "real American food" at its ballpark. Being a Southern State, you might also expect to have barbecue. And you would be right on both counts. They have Tex-Mex food at Goya Latin Cafe and La Cantina at Section 119, El Real Fajita at 131, Kickin' Nachos at 114 and 427, Maverick Smokehouse at 124 and 410, Taqueria and Grille at 216, and Rosa's Cantina at 411 (almost certainly named for the place in the Marty Robbins song "El Paso," even if that is on the other side of the State).

They work the train theme with All Aboard at 109, Union Station at 113, Dining Car Grill at 125, Whistle Stop Libations at 218 and Chew Chew Express at 416.

There's also stands with baseball-themed names: Baseball Bar at 207 and Little Biggs Slider Cart at 111. Chinese food is at Larry's Big Bamboo at 118 and Little Bamboo at 422, and there are 5 Papa John's Pizza stands. And there are several Blue Bell Ice Cream stands.

Team History Displays. The Astros, like the Mets, celebrate their 50th Anniversary season in 2012, and are wearing commemorative patches on their sleeves. They have made the postseason 9 times, but only won 1 Pennant, in 2005. Stanchions representing that Pennant, their NL Western Division titles of 1980 and '86, and their NL Central Division titles of 1997, '98, '99 and 2001 are on the left-field wall.

Also on that wall are the club's retired numbers. Officially, there are 9 of them: 32, 1960s pitcher Jim Umbricht, who died of cancer while still a young player; 40, 1970s pitcher Don Wilson, who also died while still active; 24, 1970s outfielder Jimmy Wynn; 25, 1970s outfielder Jose Cruz; 49, 1970s pitcher, 1990s manager, and on-again-off-again broadcaster Larry Dierker; 34, 1980s pitcher Nolan Ryan, a Houston-area native; 33, 1980s pitcher Mike Scott; and the 2 men who got the Astros through their 1990s and 2000s postseason berths, 5, 1st baseman Jeff Bagwell, and 7, 2nd baseman Craig Biggio.

The universally-retired 42 for Jackie Robinson, who was already elected to the Hall of Fame before the Astros ever played a game, is also on that wall. Somewhat appropriate, seeing as how the Astros were the first MLB team to play in a former Confederate State, acknowledging that the arrival of Robinson and other nonwhite players was a good thing. A number not on that wall is 57, which has not been officially retired, but neither has it been reissued since pitcher Darryl Kile died while with the St. Louis Cardinals in 2002. The Astros do not have a team Hall of Fame.

Stuff. Minute Maid Park has a Team Store in the left field corner of the ballpark, selling standard team-store gear, including many items with the 50th Anniversary logo. A 50th Anniversary team video is available, and so is a CD of longtime Astro broadcaster Milo Hamilton (who is probably best known not for any of his Astros' calls but for calling Hank Aaron's 715th home run while with the Braves). But since the Astros have only been in 1 World Series (2005), and got swept in it, don't look for the official highlight video. The only way you'll see highlights of their 2005 Pennant run is on the anniversary DVD.

As for books about the team, Sara Gilbert (not the Roseanne actress) has published a 50th Anniversary retrospective, with the not-very-imaginative title of The Story of the Houston Astros. Jose De Jesus Ortiz and former Astro catcher Brad Ausmus commemorated the 2005 season with Houston Astros: Armed and Dangerous.

During the Game. Above the left field wall is a CITGO sign, reminiscent of the one visible beyond the left field wall at Fenway Park in Boston. Below the sign, on top of the wall with the Pennants, tying into the train station theme, is a "track" on which a mockup of an old-time steam engine rolls after every Astro home run. And there are a lot of home runs there: Originally named Enron Field when it opened in 2000, the park was nicknamed Ten Run Field -- before Enron became the largest bankruptcy ever to that point, and Coca-Cola bought the naming rights and stuck the Minute Maid brand name, which it owned, on the stadium.

This change in the stadium name, but not in the propensity for offense, led Yankee broadcaster John Sterling, during an Interleague game there, to tell partner Charlie Steiner, "You know, Charlie, I understand that, at Minute Maid Park, the balls are juiced." To which Steiner said, "Ah, that's just pulp fiction."

In center field is "Tal's Hill," an incline named after former general manager Tal Smith, with an on-field, in-play flagpole. So it's got the incline like the old Crosley Field in Cincinnati, and the in-play flagpole like the pre-renovation old Yankee Stadium, and Tiger Stadium and its successor Comerica Park in Detroit (which opened the same season as MMP).

Another tie-in with the train them is the name of the mascot, Junction Jack, a jackrabbit dressed in an old-time railroad engineer's uniform. He replaced Orbit, a "little green man" alien, tying in with the Astrodome's space-age theme.

In the 7th inning stretch, after playing "Take Me Out to the Ballgame," the Astros play that classic Texan song "Deep in the Heart of Texas." They do not appear to have a postgame victory song.

After the Game. Houston is a comparatively low-crime city, and despite the Mets' 1986 Pennant victory at the Astrodome, there doesn't seem to be a local grudge against New York. They don't much like Dallas in Houston, though. But as long as you behave yourself, they'll probably behave themselves. Across Texas Avenue at Hamilton Street, opposite the home plate entrance, is -- yet another ordinary name -- Home Plate Bar and Grill. As far as I can tell, it's the only bar around the park with a baseball-themed name. A block down Hamilton, at Franklin Street, is a place with a much better name: Joystix. Sadly (if you're looking to have drinks and fun after the game), this is a place that sells old pinball machines and video games, not a 1980s nostalgia place (which would tie in with the Astros' most successful period until 1997), not a combination 1980s-style mall (or beach boardwalk) arcade and modern bar. It's probably just as well: Can you imagine the combination of Pac-Man and beer (or worse, Missile Command and whiskey)?

I can find no mention of a place in Houston for expatriate New Yorkers, not even a place where Giants or Jets fans living there go to watch their boys on autumn Sundays.

Sidelights. In 1965, the Astrodome opened, and was nicknamed "The Eighth Wonder of the World." It sure didn't seem like an exaggeration: The first roofed sports stadium in the world. (Supposedly, the Romans built stadia with canvas roofs, but that's hardly the same thing.) The Astros played there until 1999, and then moved into Enron Field for the 2000 season. The The AFL/NFL's Oilers played at the Astrodome from 1968 to 1996, when they moved to Tennessee to become the Titans.

In 2002, the new NFL team, the Houston Texans, began play next-door, at Reliant Stadium, which, like Minute Maid Park, has a retractable roof. Suddenly, the mostly-vacant Astrodome seemed, as one writer put it, like a relic of a future that never came to be. (This same writer said the same thing of Shea Stadium and, across Roosevelt Avenue, the surviving structures of the 1964 World's Fair.)

Once, the Astrodome was flashy enough to be the site of movies like The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training and Murder at the World Series. (Both in 1977. In the latter, the Astros, who had never yet gotten close to a Pennant, played the Series against the Oakland Athletics, who had just gotten fire-sold by owner Charlie Finley.)

The Astrodome also hosted the legendary 1968 college basketball game between Number 1 UCLA (with Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, then still Lew Alcindor) and Number 2 University of Houston (whose Elvin Hayes led them to victory, before falling to UCLA in that year's Final Four), and the cheese-tastic 1973 tennis match between Billie Jean King and Bobby Riggs, the "Battle of the Sexes." Elvis Presley sang there on February 27, 1970 and on March 3, 1974. It hosted Selena's last big concert before her murder in 1995, and when Jennifer Lopez starred in the film version, it was used for the re-creation. In 2004, the same year Reliant Stadium hosted the Super Bowl (which was won by... Janet Jackson, I think), the Astrodome was used to film a high school football playoff for the film version of Friday Night Lights; the old Astros division title banners can be clearly seen. Today, though, the Astrodome seems, like the Republican Party that held a ridiculously bigoted Convention there in 1992, stuck in the past. The former Eighth Wonder of the World is now nicknamed the Lonely Landmark, and while it served as a shelter for people displaced from New Orleans by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, since 2008, when it was hit with numerous code violations, only maintenance workers and security guards have been allowed to enter. The stadium's future is not clear: Some officials are worried that demolishing it would damage the new stadium and other nearby structures.

Reliant Stadium was built roughly on the site of Colt Stadium, which was the baseball team's home in their first 3 seasons, 1962, '63 and '64, when they were known as the Houston Colt .45's (spelled like that), before moving into the dome and changing the name of the team. The climate-controlled stadium was necessary because of not just the heat and the humidity, but because of the mosquitoes. Sandy Koufax of the Los Angeles Dodgers said, "Some of those mosquitoes are twin-engine jobs."

Later, seeing the artificial turf that was laid in the Astrodome for 1966 after the grass died in the first season, due to the skylights in the dome having to be painted due to the players losing the ball in the sun, Koufax said, "I was one of those guys who pitched without a cup. I wouldn't do it on this stuff. And Dick Allen of the Philadelphia Phillies, looking at the first artificial field in baseball history, said, "If a horse can't eat it, I don't want to play on it." The Astrodome/Reliant complex is at 8400 Kirby Drive at Reliant Parkway. Number 700 bus.

The NBA's Houston Rockets played at the Summit, later known as the Compaq Center, from 1975 to 2003. It's been converted into the Lakewood Church Central Campus. 3700 Southwest Freeway at Timmons Lane.

The Houston Aeros, with Gordie Howe and his sons Mark and Marty, won the World Hockey Association championships of 1974 and 1975, while playing at the Sam Houston Coliseum, before moving into the Summit in 1975 and folding in 1998. The Beatles played there on August 19, 1965. It was built in 1937 and demolished in 1998. The Hobby Center for the Performing Arts is now on the site. 801 Bagby Street, at Rusk Street, downtown.

(Note: I'll have to add entries for the Oilers' pre-Astrodome home, the city's main museums, and other historical sites at another time.)





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